Riding the Rails Essay Example for Free

Riding the Rails Essay The Great depression caused time for everybody, but I think it was especially difficult for men since they were the ones responsible for making the money for food and thing for the families. This forced many of them to leave their homes in search of work, most just ride the railroads in search of work. These men were dubbed the â€Å"Hobos†. Riding the rails was also dangerous. Some left to troubled families, other because it seemed a great adventure. More than two million men, teenage runaways, and hobos were living on the road in America. Most of the people that ride the rails were and teen runaways. Jobs that existed for decades were simply not available anymore, and teenagers and men were forced to go searching for work far away in order to feed their families at home. In the 1930s, more than 250,000 teens were riding the rails, traveling illegally from town to town in search of adventure, and a food. One story that I read about riding the rails was about a guy named Henry Koczar, from East Chicago. He was 19 years old when he left his family. Being part of a big family makes hard on his parents to put food on the table every day. Henry wanted only for his family to have it a little bit easier and felt he was old enough now to start working on his own. So in September of 1932 he took off on a train in hopes of lighten the trouble on his family. Now not all of the hobos were out of high school and ready for work. Some of them were just kids when they started life on their own. Most of these stories don’t really have too much sadness in them but it was tough on them all no matter what the location. Once they got out there they found work wasn’t as available as they’d hoped it would be. Some towns didnt even want them around at all and they were actually and in words forced out of them. So the sound of seeing the world had a whole new meaning once they were in it.

The Beliefs of Locke and Newton, Inspired Jonathan Edwards Essay

In Jonathan Edwards's The Nature of True Virtue his beliefs of following God's supremacy leads to moral beauty, the virtue in nature, and the selflessness of true virtue will unite society all stem from John Locke's beliefs of the social contract, Isaac Newton's belief of the logical perfection of nature, and both of their beliefs of human morality. An important point which Edwards writes in his sermon is his belief that when man is truly following the path of God, he will reach a sense morality that has beauty. In the sermon, Edwards writes, "And if we consider the†¦moral excellency, the same will appear†¦God is infinitely the greatest Being, so he is allowed to be infinitely the most beautiful and excellent" (14). He is referring to the Puritanistic ideal that God is everything that is good and right. Therefore, God is the most moralistic entity in existence and striving for a godly life will eventually lead to one's own moral beauty. Although John Locke's ideas of morality are more political, they are passionate ideas, much like Edwards's ideas. John Griffith, commentating on Edwards's The Nature of True Virtue, states, "Edwards begins by accepting Hutcheson's proposition that virtue is moral beauty. Beauty, he says, is always a harmony, or 'consent and agreement'" (2576). Griffith is stating, like I previous ly stated, that Edwards predominantly focused on the moral aspect of his beliefs. Furthermore, Locke's passion for morality is also seen in his interpretation of the social contract. We see that Locke's ideas in freedom of life, liberty, and property have formed the basic morals of past and current governments. One of Edwards's morals that have been seen throughout American history is the infinite sovereignty of G... ...1960. Print. Griffith, John. "Jonathan Edwards." The Critical Perspective. Ed. Harold Bloom. Vol. 5. New York: Chelsea, 1987. 2573-79. Print. Rpt. of "Jonathan Edwards as a Literary Artist." Criticism (1973): 156-73. Henry, Caleb. "Pride, Property, and Providence: Jonathan Edwards on Property Rights." Journal of Church and State 3(2011):401. eLibrary. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Lane, C, Belden.. "JONATHAN EDWARDS ON BEAUTY, DESIRE, AND THE SENSORY WORLD." Theological Studies 1(2004):44. eLibrary. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Minkema, Kenneth P., Stout, Harry S.. "The Edwardsean Tradition and the Antislavery Debate, 1740-1865." Journal of American History 1(2005):47. eLibrary. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Scheick, William J. "Virtue and Identity: Last Works: Of Beauty and Virtue." The Writings of Jonathan Edwards: Theme, Motif, and Style. College Station: Texas A&M UP, 1975. 128-32. Print. The Beliefs of Locke and Newton, Inspired Jonathan Edwards Essay In Jonathan Edwards's The Nature of True Virtue his beliefs of following God's supremacy leads to moral beauty, the virtue in nature, and the selflessness of true virtue will unite society all stem from John Locke's beliefs of the social contract, Isaac Newton's belief of the logical perfection of nature, and both of their beliefs of human morality. An important point which Edwards writes in his sermon is his belief that when man is truly following the path of God, he will reach a sense morality that has beauty. In the sermon, Edwards writes, "And if we consider the†¦moral excellency, the same will appear†¦God is infinitely the greatest Being, so he is allowed to be infinitely the most beautiful and excellent" (14). He is referring to the Puritanistic ideal that God is everything that is good and right. Therefore, God is the most moralistic entity in existence and striving for a godly life will eventually lead to one's own moral beauty. Although John Locke's ideas of morality are more political, they are passionate ideas, much like Edwards's ideas. John Griffith, commentating on Edwards's The Nature of True Virtue, states, "Edwards begins by accepting Hutcheson's proposition that virtue is moral beauty. Beauty, he says, is always a harmony, or 'consent and agreement'" (2576). Griffith is stating, like I previous ly stated, that Edwards predominantly focused on the moral aspect of his beliefs. Furthermore, Locke's passion for morality is also seen in his interpretation of the social contract. We see that Locke's ideas in freedom of life, liberty, and property have formed the basic morals of past and current governments. One of Edwards's morals that have been seen throughout American history is the infinite sovereignty of G... ...1960. Print. Griffith, John. "Jonathan Edwards." The Critical Perspective. Ed. Harold Bloom. Vol. 5. New York: Chelsea, 1987. 2573-79. Print. Rpt. of "Jonathan Edwards as a Literary Artist." Criticism (1973): 156-73. Henry, Caleb. "Pride, Property, and Providence: Jonathan Edwards on Property Rights." Journal of Church and State 3(2011):401. eLibrary. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Lane, C, Belden.. "JONATHAN EDWARDS ON BEAUTY, DESIRE, AND THE SENSORY WORLD." Theological Studies 1(2004):44. eLibrary. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Minkema, Kenneth P., Stout, Harry S.. "The Edwardsean Tradition and the Antislavery Debate, 1740-1865." Journal of American History 1(2005):47. eLibrary. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Scheick, William J. "Virtue and Identity: Last Works: Of Beauty and Virtue." The Writings of Jonathan Edwards: Theme, Motif, and Style. College Station: Texas A&M UP, 1975. 128-32. Print.

Working at Mcdonalds

Dillon mundy Mr. Varner Composition 1 11/4/21 â€Å"Working at McDonalds† Amitai Etzioni In the passage â€Å"Working at McDonalds† by Amitai Etzioni he starts off by stating that â€Å"McDonalds is bad for your kids†. He doesn’t feel this way because of the food, but instead of the mass production jobs they offer our youth. He says studies show two thirds of high school students have part time jobs in the food chain business, and McDonalds is the pioneer, trend-setter, and symbol.Amitai states that of course at first these jobs seem right, and may seem to bring up work driven, self-reliant youngsters, but what they really do is undermine school attendance and involvement, teach you few skills that are useful in life, and demean the values of teenagers. He thinks work should teach you the fruits of labor and self-discipline. He said that McDonalds has a job that is uneducational in several ways.He says it is far from providing opportunities for entrepreneu rship, self-discipline, self-supervision, and self-scheduling. He feels most teenage jobs these days are what most social scientists call â€Å"highly routinized† which means that everything you do at the job is the same all the time, which offers no room for creativity or initiative. There are very few studies on if today’s jobs are turning our youth into assembly line robots, but one of the few is a study conducted by Ivan Charper and Bryan Shore Fraser in 1948.The study relied mainly on what youth wrote on a questionnaire rather than observations of fast food jobs. The study revealed that the jobs have nothing to offer skill wise. A 1980 study be V Harrel found that among students that worked 25 hours per week while in school their unemployment rate years later was half of that of the seniors who didn’t work. This goes to show that most kids that work in fast food while in school are usually stressed to drop out of school and get swallowed up in the fast food world.The studies conducted do show that they develop teamwork and working under supervision, however it must been seen that this learning is not exactly educational or wholesome and that it’s trying to teach us blind obedience. It shows that teens are more interested in the reward of money, and status, than credits in a calculus course. So parents should see that teen employment isn’t exactly educational though it does offer some things, but it can also be abused.I have to agree with Etzioni, I myself have worked in fast-food jobs and have gained nothing from them except a quick dollar. He is very persuasive in this essay, and makes some really good points. I like when he talks about today’s jobs turning the youth into assembly line robots, I completely feel him on that, because the job is so repetitive you never do anything different. He really caught my attention with this essay. Working at Mcdonalds Teens and Jobs In the essay, â€Å"Working at McDonald's,† Malta Textron talks about his belief that working, especially at fast food chain restaurants can be bad for teenagers. Working, for teenagers under some circumstances can be bad for them but sometimes its good depending on the daily schedule of whomever is working. If the teen is still in school, working is bound to affect their involvement and attendance in negative ways. Though it's true that while working you gain on the Job experience, Edition believes it ant really help If it comes at the cost of education while teens think the opposite.Fast food Jobs do have an advantage earning money while also learning how to manage the money they make. It boils down to whether or not risks outweigh the benefits when working Jobs like this which all depends on the current situation of the teen. To begin, the Edition writes how he believes Jobs don't go well with keeping up schoolwork and can get In the way of attendance. This i s the same for nearly all extracurricular activities most are after school so It's likely to get In the way.When I as in high school I had a friend John who tried to juggle a job, schoolwork and a football altogether but in the end he chose to give up football because he couldn't make it to any of the practices. The author also takes into account that if students don't have enough time to study their grades will drop without question. It comes down to the decision of which activity to give up to make room for work. More than half the time students will abandon the sport to find more study time Like in my friend John's case. Second, the author addresses the problem that I think has two sides to the coin.He believes that jobs generally don't give any training that would help outside of the work they would be currently doing. This is true because most of the skills taught in fast food restaurants are for the simple things like running the register or working the fryer. Many of the Jobs themselves could be done as good or better by a nine- year-old because of how simple the work Is. Most aspects of this type of job wouldn't help anyone In the future much less a teenager. Once they no longer work there anymore, the skill is useless unless they still plan on working in the same type of Job.There are a couple of things that can be learned from a fast food Job that might help with other Jobs the future. If you've ever been too McDonald's or any other fast food restaurant and had a bad worker serving you, you might have gotten a little annoyed. Work ethic Is very Important at a fast food place or any workplace for that matter. In other Jobs, If you are not quick and efficient, you might not make It very far in your work. Also, workers learn how to work with different types of people this helps them in later experiences in a work force.Getting an impatient customer is a good example, when presented with a problem like this it helps prepare you for other situations like it in the future. This is not always easy but will serve as great experience for jobs in the future. Lastly, Textron explains that working doesn't teach teens how to manage their is that you learn the value of a dollar from your own mistakes. Having money and working for that money helps teens to understand that money isn't free and shouldn't be wasted. When teenagers want to buy something they'll simply go buy it only to mind later that they could have gotten it at half price had they waited on a sale.Also teens will try to rent things they want from â€Å"pay later† businesses like rent a center instead of buying it when they have the money to do so Just to learn that not only is it more expensive this way but if they miss a payment the rightful owners could repossess it at any time. Often times this could lead to debt, but if they are lucky their parents might help them out. â€Å"Students who worked at least 25 hours per week while in school, their unemployment rate four years later was half of the noirs who did work. This means that most of those that began in fast food Jobs stayed in that area of work or simply became unemployed. There are plenty of pros and cons to working at an early age, while it could interfere with school it can also help teens develop a good work ethic and learn from their mistakes. If they don't get the chance to make these mistakes before they move away, the consequences could be a lot more devastating. The question the author wants the reader to consider in all this is, can the risk worth the reward?

Common and widespread mental - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7143 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Depression is a common and widespread mental disorder affecting millions of people worldwide; [6] Thus, this review is mainly aimed to focus upon the action mechanisms, side effects, toxicity and the logical analytical approaches possibly used in forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites from biological test matrices. Antidepressant: Types Functions Antidepressant covers many varieties of drugs having different modes of actions like [16] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Common and widespread mental" essay for you Create order Figure: Mechanism action of Monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAOIs), Tricyclic anti-deprassant (TCA) and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). According to the Monoamine Theory of Depression, (proposed by Schildkraut in 1965) the decrease in monoamine neurotransmission is thought to be responsible for inducing depression in an individual. Thus, medication with Antidepressantdrugs (TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs, and SNRI etc.) rise in the amount of neurotransmitters. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and heterocyclic antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs) inhibit the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) by competing for the binding site of the amine transporter results in the increase levels of both NE (Norepinephrine) and 5HT (5-hydroxytryptamine or Serotonine) in the synaptic cleft. In addition to this the Monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAOIs) inhibits an enzyme MAO (monoamino oxidase) released from mitochondria (MO) which convert 5-HT to 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid (HIAA) and norepinephrine (NE) to 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy phenyl glycol (MHPG). This phenomenon increases the stores of NA and 5-HT thus contributes t o higher level of Neurotransmitters in Brain. [19] Adverse effects Antidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior, especially in children accompanying other depressive and psychiatric disorders. [17] [18] [19] The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might increase the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. [19] Thus, these drugs may be responsible for the fatality and intoxication and their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, increasing prescription rate and adverse effects of antidepressant drugs results in a growing interest for their determination from biological matrices, proved to be very helpful in the field of Forensic. Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant Drugs Biological samples are the basic requirement of Forensic Toxicology as it solves several related questions which make basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the field. The biological matrices generally encountered for analysis are urine [34], hair, nails, vitrous humour etc. The most important and encountered biosample used for analytical purposes is Blood (plasma, serum). Toxicological effects can correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood which can be determined qualitatively [42] Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs accompanying advantages that it forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. [48] A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen is the Oral fluid; for its applications in therapeutic and toxicological drug monitoring [54] When the analytical studies get concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window hair analysis makes a complementary approach for the detection of antidepressant drugs with the additional advantages that the hair sample can be stored at room temperature for a long time without degradation and it is easy to collect. [62] Except from all the above described biomatrices very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid mainly composed of water and hyaluronic acid (major component) found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. (Quoted reference) Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where the extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. [64] Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver [71], cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encountered for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices. Techniques for Sample Preparation The bioanalytical methods form two basic approaches that are the sample preparation step and detection of the compound of interest. Several methods have been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological matrices for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. [96] These techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical seperations to reduce time and labor producing satisfactory results with high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range, contributing as very fine detection techniques. Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their Metabolites Several new antidepressants that inhibit the serotonine (SERT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently using for therapeutic purposes. [108] Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug, [113] Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug is Fluoxetine, using worldwide in the therapy of major depression. It is metabolized via N-demethylation by the [117] nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD) (Thesis- 103) and electron capture detector (ECD) (Thesis- 76), used for the rapid analysis of fluoxetine from biological samples, achieved detection limits up to nanogram level. Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonine reuptake inhibitor, [78] Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonine, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. [117] (Thesis-82) is also used for determination of venlafaxine, provided satisfactory results. In the majority of the published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography is applied in combination to different kinds of columns (operating under different separation conditions), mobile phases and detectors. High-performance liquid chromatography is described for the determination of selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and their metabolites in human plasma using fluorescence, mass and photo-diod array detector; Micellar liquid chromatography, the technique which allowed direct injection of biological samples, utilized appropriately selected surfactants in the mobile phase to maintain solubilization of interfering proteins of biological samples.Other than chromatography, separation technique like capillary electrophoresis after in-line solid-phase extraction is described for the analysis sertraline, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine from plasma samples. A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of biological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector system and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below. TABLE Analytical Method Matrix Analyte Extraction method Column Mobile phase Detector system Limit of detection/quantification (ng/L)/ analytical range References LC-MS Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine Automated SPE XTerra MS C18 Formic acid in methanol and water Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, m/z 310.3 and 296.2 resp.Linearity,0.5-50ng/mL for both the analyte. 81 LC-MS Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine On-line extraction using column switching Oasis HLB and Discovery HS C18 Formic acid in acetonitrile and water ESI, positive mode, SIM LOQ,25ng/ml for both . 141 LC- MS Hair citalopram and its metabolites liquid/liquid extraction narrow bore C18 _ Tandem mass spectrometre LOQ 25 pg/mg 61 HPLC Plasma Venlafaxine,desmethylvenlafaxine, N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine liquid-liquid extraction Thermo BDS HYPERSIL C18 water (ammonium acetate: 30mmol/l, formic acid 2.6mmol/l, trifluoroacetic acid 0.13mmol/l) and acetonitrile (60:40, V/V) MS/ESI LOD were 0.4, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.2ng/ml for VEN, ODV, NDV and DDV resp. 134 HPLC Plasma Venlafaxine ,O-di desmethylvenlafaxine solid-phase extraction with C1 cartridges reversed-phase column -C8 75% aqueous phosphate buffer containing triethylamine and 25% acetonitrile Fluorescence detector LOQ 1.0ngmL1 and LOD 0.3ngmL1 39 GC-MS oral fluid amitryptiline, paroxetine and sertraline solid-phase extraction with Bond elute column {Acid compounds were eluted with acetone while basic and neutral compounds with dichloromethane:isopropanol:ammonium (80:20:2, v/v/v)} methylsilicone capillary column Carrier gas He, Flow rate 0.8ml/min selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. Between0.9 and 44.2ng/ml (LOQ) 55 HPLC Plasma citalopram and its metabolites SPE (Waters Oasis HLB cartridges) reversed-phase column -C18 40% acetonitrile: 60% aqueous tetramethylammonium perchlorate Fluorescence detection at 300 nm, exciting at 238 nm (LOQ) 1.5 ng mL1 citalopram and desmethylcitalopram , 2.0 ng mL1 for didesmethylcitalopram 124 HPLC Plasma fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, mirtazapine, milnacipram, venlafaxine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, norfluoxetine, O-desmethyl venlafaxine, desmethylmirtazapine liquid-liquid extraction Symmetry C8 acetonitrile-phosphate buffer 10 mM UV (230 nm and 290 nm) LOD, 25 to 500 ng/mL (100-2000 ng/mL for venlafaxine and its metabolite), LOQ, 25 ng/mL (100 ng/mL for venlafaxine and its metabolite) 142 HPLC-MS Blood fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, Citalopram, norfluoxetine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, desmethylvenlafaxine, and desmethylmirtazapine liquid-liquid extraction. XTerra RP18 column Acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (4 mmol/L) Tandem mass spectrometre LOD, 5-500 ng/mL (20-2000 ng/mL for venlafaxine and desmethylvenlafaxine) and LOQ, 5 ng/mL (venlafaxine and desmethylvenlafaxine: 20 ng/mL) 143 HPLC Serum fluvoxamine, milnacipran, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, venlafaxine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram and norfluoxetine liquid-liquid extraction. Beckman C18 reversed-phase column (50%, v/v) acetonitrile in a sodium phosphate buffer (0.05 M with pH 3.8) UV (200.4 nm) 15 ng/ml -fluoxetine, 25 ng/ml-venlafaxine, norfluoxetine, citalopram and its metabolites, 40 ng/ml- sertraline, 50 ng/ml-fluvoxamine 127 Capillary Liquid chromatography Plasma citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and their metabolites reversed-phase C8 SPE Kromasil, C18 acetonitrile-45 mM ammonium formate (25:75, v/v). UV LOQ between 0.05 to 0.26 M 42 HPLC Plasma fluoxetine and norfluoxetine Sample treated with acetonitrile and isolated supernatants were directly injected Discovery C18 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (40: 60) ESI- Tandem Mass spectrometre, (m/z 310 m/z 44.3 for fluoxetine, m/z 296 m/z 134 for norfluoxetine) LOD, fluoxetine, 0.02 ng/mL and 0.03 ng/mL, norfluoxetine 95 RP-HPLC Serum Sertraline liquid- liquid extraction. cyano column 63:37 (v/v) methanol-sodium phosphate buffer (0.05M) containing 2mLL1 triethylamine Fluorescence detector LOQ up to 2ngmL 111 LC-MS/MS plasma Sertraline, N-desmethyl sertraline liquid-liquid extraction Betasil C8 column 750 mL methanol + 250 mL deionized water + 2.5 mL, 1.0 M ammonium trifluoroacetate. tandem mass spectrometry SER, NDS were were m/z 306.2159.0, 292.1159.0, resp. 12 LC-MS/MS Plasma venlafaxine (VEN) and O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV) SPE Betasil C18 column isocratic tandem mass spectrometry m/z 278.27121.11 for VEN, m/z 264.28107.10 for ODV 144 RP-HPLC Pharmaceutical formulations. Olanzapine, fluoxetine. _ Inertsil C18 reversed phase column 40:30:30 (v/v/v) mixture of 9.5mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acetonitrile methanol UV LOQ, 0.005 0.001gmL1 for olanzapine and fluoxetine resp. 145 HPLC-MS-MS Plasma Citalopram, fluvoxamine and paroxetine On-line SPE with column switching.(Oasis/HLB) Oasis HLB and Symmetry C18 Formic acid in water and acetonitrile Triple stage, APCI, positive mode, SRM LLOQ, 20 microg/ L for citalopram fluvoxamine and 10 microg/L/ for paroxetine. LOD, 5 microg/ L for all 131 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Citalopram LLE Hypersil BDS C8 Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Citalopram 0.50-250ng/mL 146 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine LLE Lichrospher 100 RP-8 E Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine 2.5-250ng/mL, norfluoxetine 10-250ng/mL 147 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Sertraline SPE Beta Basic C-8 Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Analytical range, Sertraline 0.5-60.0ng/mL 148 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine Stir bar sorptive extraction Luna C18 Aqueous ammonium acetate and methanol ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine 10-500ng/mL 74 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine and venlafaxine SPE C18 Aqueous ammonium acetate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, venlafaxine 5.0-1,000.0ng/mL 149 LC-MS Plasma Citalopram liquid-liquid extraction Hypersil BDS C8 microbore column 10mM ammonium formate- formic acid and acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) Positive electrospray ionization with selected ion monitoring mode. m/z- 325 citalopram, m/z- 281 imipramine, LOQ- 0.50 ng/ml. 75 HPLC-MS/ ESI Plasma Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine and venlafaxine SPE Macherey- NA Gel C18 column Water (formic acid 0.6%, ammonium acetate 30mmol/l) and acetonitrile, 35:65 (v/v) Electron spray ionization LOD, Fluoxetine 0.5, citalopram 0.3, paroxetine 0.3 and venlafaxine 0.1 ng/ml 80 HPLC Plasma Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine liquid-liquid extraction Reverse phase C18 column Phosphate buffer and acetonitrile Fluorescence detector LOD, 3mg/l 76 LC-MS(/MS) Serum 20 antidepressants: amoxapine, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin, paroxetine, sertraline, trimipramine, nortriptyline, monodesmethylcitalopram, desmethylclomipramine, desipramine, norfluoxetine, desmethylmianserin,N-des methylsertraline On-line extraction using column switching Cyclone and Xterra MS C18 Ammonium acetate in water, formic acid in acetonitrile and water Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Analytical range for all compounds, 10-500ng/mL 150 LC-MS/MS Oral Fluid and Plasma amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, citalopram and venlafaxine and their metabolites nortriptyline, desipramine, norclomipramine and norfluoxetine. Automated SPE Sunfire C18 IS Column Acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0; 2 mM) tandem mass spectrometer (ESI+ mode) with triple quadrupole LLOQ -2 ng/ L (except clomipramine LmsZLOQ -10 ng/ L) for both oral fluid and plasma 151 HPLC Urine and Plasma amitriptyline, imipramine and sertraline hollow fiber-based (polypropylene) liquid phase microextraction Zorbax Extend C18 column 0.02 M acetic acid solution and methanol (54:46) (pH 4.0) UV-VIS LOD found between 0.5 and 0.7 g L1 85 GC-MS Urine fluoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, mitrazapine, citalopram SPMES CP-SIL C8 He- carrier gas (floe rate- 1.2 ml/min) MS with Electron Impact Ionisation Less than 0.4ng/ml-1 Salgado petinal Abbreviations: APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thus, this table is framed for the comparative study of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques. Conclusion: As the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to toxic or fatal drug interactions and these also encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of papers published every year. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target latest analytical and instrumental methods used in the detection and characterization of various Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focused on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of work required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world. Non-destructive and sophisticated instrumental techniques can also build a new strategy of examination and inves tigation for the drugs of interest. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern. Despite the success of all validate methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations in bioanalytical studies releated to forensic cases which needs fast, sensitive and non-destructive methods of analysis. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from forensic prospect. Acknowledgement: This study is carried out at the Department of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India. I am indebted to Professor Y. 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